Introduction of several types of turbines

You must have heard the name of the turbine by now, and when you hear the name of the turbine, you will see a picture of turbines that move with the wind. But there are different types of turbines, one of which is wind turbines, such as Hydrokinetic Turbine, Kaplan Turbine, Francis Turbine, Impulse Turbine. In this article, we will introduce several types of turbines.

Hydrokinetic Turbines

Hydrokinetic Turbines include clean sources of renewable energy that significantly reduce the carbon emissions of off-grid sites, especially when relying on diesel fuel.

Hydrokinetic turbines produce a base load for the microgrid power systems. The portability of the system reduces the need for costly infrastructure. read more

 

Francis Turbine

The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine. It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today and can achieve over 95% efficiency.

These turbines can be used for heads as low as 2 meters and as high as 300 meters. Additionally, these turbines are beneficial as they work equally well when positioned horizontally as they do when they are oriented vertically. more information

 

 

Kaplan Turbine

The Kaplan turbine is a propeller-type water turbine which has adjustable blades. It was developed in 1913 by Austrian professor Viktor Kaplan, who combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level.

Main parts of Kaplan Turbine as follows:

• Scroll casing,
• Guide vane mechanism,
• Draft tube, and
• Runner blades

 

 

Impulse Turbine

Generally, Hydro turbines are classified into two groups based on how the energy is exchanged between the fluid and the turbine: impulse turbines and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines operate based on the change of velocity vectors. In general, the potential energy of the water based on the height of the waterfall is converted into kinetic energy by one or more nozzles and then water hits the turbine blades at high speed causing the turbine to spin and consequently generates electricity.

Impulse turbines do not require a pressure casement around the rotor since the fluid jet is created by the nozzle prior to reaching the blades on the rotor.

Check out some important turbines

 Turbines actually act as converters. They convert wind or sea energy into electrical energy and are considered as an alternative to non-renewable resources. There are different types of turbines, such as Impulse Turbine, wind turbine, etc.

Impulse Turbine

In these turbines, the static pressure inside the runner is constant, and the turbine runner is at atmospheric pressure. The runner spins in the air, and the fluid is sprayed to the blades through the nozzle to exchange energy with the turbine. A jet nozzle or a series of nozzles directs the high-speed flow to the blades, which are usually in the shape of buckets or cups. Therefore, only pressure changes occur in the nozzles.

In the case of steam turbines, such as would be used for marine applications or for land-based electricity generation, a Parsons-type reaction turbine would require approximately double the number of blade rows as a de Laval-type impulse turbine, for the same degree of thermal energy conversion.

 

Francis Turbine

Francis turbines are primarily used for electrical power production. The power output of the electric generators generally ranges from just a few kilowatts up to 1000 MW, though mini-hydro installations may be lower. The best performance is seen when the head height is between 100–300 metres (330–980 ft).

rancis turbines are employed regularly in hydroelectric power plants. In these power plants, high-pressure water enters the turbine through the snail-shell casing (the volute). This movement decreases the water pressure as it curls through the tube; however, the water’s speed remains unchanged. Following the passing through the volute, the water flows through the guide vanes and is directed towards the runner’s blades at optimum angles.

 

 

Kaplan Turbine and Hydrokinetic Turbine

 

HK turbines have relatively simple designs without the need for a reservoir or spillway. Initial testing indicates the adverse environmental effects are minimal, and the simplicity of these designs results in low-cost installation and maintenance. Therefore, this simplicity makes these systems valuable in rural or remote areas. In the following figure, you can see the flow conditions of hydrokinetic turbines.

 

A Kaplan turbine is one kind of a propeller hydro turbine (particularly a reaction turbine) used in hydroelectric plants. Waterflow both in and out of Kaplan turbines through its rotational axis, which is called axial flow. The point that makes Kaplan turbines special is that the blades can change their demand to preserve maximum efficiency for various water flow rates. 

 

 

 

References:

https://www.linquip.com/blog/hydrokinetic-turbines/

https://www.youtube.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/kaplan-turbine/

https://www.energy.gov/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/what-is-francis-turbine/

https://www.ethosenergygroup.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/impulse-turbine-working-principle/

Introduction of some electrical components

 linear potentiometer

A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.

Linear potentiometers have unique features to ensure long trouble-free life in the harshest of environments from motorsport to structural monitoring, from measuring linear position or displacement in a wide variety and broad range of manufacturing and process equipment. 

 

 

Series and parallel circuits

Two-terminal components and electrical networks can be connected in series or parallel. The resulting electrical network will have two terminals and can participate in a series or parallel topology. Whether a two-terminal "object" is an electrical component or an electrical network is a matter of perspective. This article will use "component" to refer to a two-terminal "object" that participates in the series/parallel networks. But what are the differences between series and parallel circuits?

Series and Parallel Circuit_ Close circuits have a complete path for current to flow in a loop. An open circuit does not have a closed-loop, which means that it’s not operative. A short circuit is a low-resistance path, usually made accidentally, that bypasses some parts of a circuit. A short circuit can occur when two bare wires in a circuit meet each other.  Read more

 

Forward Bias vs. Reverse Bias

In forward bias, the positive terminal of the battery is connected to the p-type material and the negative terminal is connected to the n-type material so that holes are injected into the p-type material and electrons into the n-type material. The electrons in the n-type material are called majority carriers on that side, but electrons that make it to the p-type side are called minority carriers. 

In reversed bias, there is a connection between the negative region and the positive terminal of the battery, and the positive region is joined to the negative terminal. The reverse potential boosts the strength of the potential barrier in this situation.

Differences Between forwarding and Survey Reverse Biasing and Linear Potentiometer

The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the same principle, hence its name.

To answer the question of what is linear potentiometer, first, let us see what are the different parts of this potentiometer. A linear taper potentiometer is usually made up of three pins that adjust to a flow of voltage, and produce a regulated voltage output relevant to its sliding components.

 

 

Parallel circuits are similar to the smaller blood veins that branch off from an artery and then join in a vessel to return blood to the heart. Now imagine two wires, each as an artery and a vein, that are connected to each other with some smaller wires. These smaller wires have the same voltages applied to them, but different amounts of current flow through them based on the individual wires’ resistance.

A circuit composed solely of components connected in series is known as a series circuit; likewise, one connected completely in parallel is known as a parallel circuit. Many circuits can be analyzed as combination of series and parallel circuits, along with other configurations.

 

In forward biasing, the external voltage supply is applied across the PN-junction diode. This voltage cuts the potential barrier and provides a low resistance way to the flow of current. The meaning of the forward bias is the connection of the positive region to the p-terminal of the supply, while the negative region is joined to the n-type of the device. To read more about these topics, you can use the references mentioned below.

 

References:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%E2%80%93n_junction#Reverse_bias

https://www.linquip.com/blog/ultimate-guide-what-is-linear-potentiometer/

https://www.youtube.com/

https://www.linquip.com/blog/differences-between-forward-reverse-biasing/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer

https://www.linquip.com/blog/differences-between-series-and-parallel-circuits/